The war in Ukraine is significantly impacting the MENA region, particularly in terms of food security and geopolitical relations. Countries like Egypt, Lebanon, and Tunisia, which heavily rely on grain imports from Ukraine and Russia, face severe economic and social challenges due to disrupted supply chains and rising food prices. This situation could lead to social unrest similar to past incidents triggered by food price hikes. Meanwhile, Gulf countries are navigating the geopolitical landscape by maintaining neutrality and diversifying their energy partnerships, with Qatar emerging as a key player in LNG supply to Europe. The article suggests that MENA countries should focus on achieving food sovereignty and investing in clean energy to mitigate future crises.

The European Union's strategy to import green hydrogen as part of its Green Deal aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, with plans to produce and import 10 million tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030. Countries like Morocco and Tunisia are positioning themselves as key exporters, leveraging their renewable energy potential. However, challenges such as high production costs, competition among producers, and potential socio-environmental impacts in exporting countries raise concerns. The EU's approach, including mechanisms like H2Global, is seen as potentially neocolonial, prioritizing European energy needs over local benefits in the Maghreb.

Gulf Cooperation Council states are positioning themselves as leaders in the emerging hydrogen economy, leveraging their advantages in solar power generation, industrial capacity, and storage options for carbon sequestration. With ambitious projects like Saudi Arabia's NEOM megaproject, the region aims to generate significant revenues from green hydrogen by 2050. Hydrogen diplomacy is growing, with GCC states building relations with Asian markets, particularly China, Japan, and South Korea. The development of hydrogen infrastructure, including tanker-based transportation, is key to maintaining the Gulf's status as a major energy producer and exporter, while also reflecting new geopolitical dynamics.

The COP28 climate talks in the UAE highlight the region's efforts to position itself as a bridge between the Global North and South, focusing on climate finance, mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage. The UAE aims to leverage its role to maintain its status in energy exports and technology. However, concerns about greenwashing and the influence of oil and gas companies persist. The UAE's approach to climate activism and human rights has drawn criticism from Amnesty International. The conference also underscores shifting geopolitical alliances in the Gulf, with increased cooperation among Gulf states and new partnerships with countries like India and France in renewable energy and climate initiatives.

North Africa faces severe water scarcity exacerbated by climate change, rapid population growth, and urbanization. The region's water infrastructure, including traditional and modern systems, is under stress due to declining rainfall and increasing droughts. Agriculture, a major water consumer and economic sector, is particularly vulnerable. Sustainable irrigation practices and traditional water management techniques offer potential solutions. Urbanization presents both challenges and opportunities for water efficiency. Regional cooperation on transnational aquifers is crucial but often hindered by political tensions. A multilevel approach addressing local, national, and regional needs is essential for effective water management.

The article explores the complex water politics in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin, highlighting the geopolitical tensions between Turkey, Iraq, and Syria over water resources. Turkey's construction of the Ilisu Dam has significantly reduced Iraq's water supply, exacerbating regional conflicts and environmental issues. The Kurdish regions, while relatively water-abundant, face challenges in water management and leverage. Climate change intensifies these issues, leading to reduced water flow and agricultural productivity, further straining regional stability. The article calls for multilateral water agreements and holistic diplomatic strategies to address the interconnected needs of water, food, and energy security.

Environmental and climate issues are increasingly central to the policy agenda in the Middle East and North Africa, with significant developments in renewable energy projects in Morocco and Egypt. Morocco's Noor Ouarzazate solar project and Egypt's ambitions to become a regional energy hub highlight the region's growing influence in global climate politics. However, these projects also raise concerns about local social and political dynamics, including potential environmental colonialism. The article explores how renewable energy is reshaping regional geopolitics, reinforcing existing hierarchies, and fostering new international alliances.

Sand and dust storms (SDS) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region pose significant environmental, health, and economic challenges. These storms disrupt urban life, damage infrastructure, and pose health risks, particularly to vulnerable populations. The phenomenon is exacerbated by climate change, land use changes, and regional conflicts. Mitigation efforts include green belts and regional cooperation, but challenges remain due to political instability and resource disparities. Upcoming UN Climate Change Conferences present an opportunity to prioritize SDS in climate agendas, emphasizing the need for comprehensive, multi-level policies to build resilience against future climate stresses.