The discovery of aquifers in Africa, such as those in Kenya and Niger, has raised hopes for alleviating water scarcity. However, challenges such as water quality, distance, and sustainable usage limit their effectiveness. While aquifers hold significant water reserves, they are not a complete solution to the continent's water needs. Effective management and additional strategies are necessary to address the growing demand for water due to climate change and population growth.

The Twirwaneho, an armed group claiming to defend the Banyamulenge community in South Kivu, Eastern DRC, has become more active since 2019, highlighting the fragmented nature of Congolese politics. The group, led by Michel 'Makanika' Rukunda, has been accused of human rights violations and is on the EU sanctions list. Twirwaneho's rise to power demonstrates the unending nature of the conflict in the Congo, with the group becoming a symbol of defiance. The group's involvement in national politics is minimal, but it has become emblematic for both the community it claims to defend and those who view Tutsis as foreign invaders. The UN expert group report suggests collaboration between Twirwaneho and the Rwanda-backed M23. Research indicates that Twirwaneho is part of a complex political, economic, and existential struggle among armed groups in the DRC, distinct yet connected to these groups.

The article discusses the impact of the Russo-Western conflict, particularly the war in Ukraine, on Russia's ties with Africa. It highlights that Africa is not a vital interest for Russia, which focuses on the post-Soviet space, but notes an increased prioritization of Africa in Russian foreign policy. The trade balance between Russia and Africa is positive, largely due to relations with Algeria and Egypt. Russia's re-engagement in Africa is sporadic and leverages local contexts and long-standing Russian actors on the continent. The article also mentions Russia's military supplies to sub-Saharan Africa and its diplomatic narrative promoting multipolarity and state sovereignty. Votes at the UN General Assembly on the war in Ukraine show some African countries' abstention or absence, indicating a degree of understanding or benevolent neutrality towards Russia. The article concludes that Africa is becoming a potential ground for confrontation between Russia and the West, with Russia's African policy influenced by its global power strategy and its Western-centric foreign policy.

The article discusses how Africa is becoming a battleground for confrontation between Russia and the West, shifting from a competitive to a confrontational stance due to the war in Ukraine. It highlights Russia's lack of vital interests in Africa, its positive trade balance with the continent, and the use of military and economic diplomacy to rebuild influence. The article notes the Russian Foreign Ministry's role in coordinating diplomatic actions in Africa and the potential for increased diplomatic resources. It also mentions the Wagner Group's security role and the potential for religious engagement through the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. The sentiment of some African states towards Russia is described as understanding or benevolently neutral, reflecting a global power policy by Vladimir Putin that seeks confrontation below the threshold of conflict with the West.

The chapter discusses the legal and regulatory responses to misinformation in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2016 to 2020. It is part of a larger work on misinformation policy in the region, published by the University of Westminster Press. The text is factual and peer-reviewed, providing a comprehensive analysis of the subject.