Pityriasis Rosea of Gibert is a benign skin condition predominantly affecting children or young adults aged 10 to 35 years, characterized by a main reddish and scaly patch known as the 'mother patch' or 'Medallion of Gibert', followed by smaller spots. It is believed to be caused by a viral infection, particularly herpes virus strains 6 and 7, and is not considered contagious. Diagnosis is typically made through physical examination, and the condition usually resolves on its own within 40-60 days. Treatment focuses on symptom relief, particularly itching, and may include antihistamines, cortisone-based ointments, and in some cases, acyclovir.

Pes cavus, a common malformation characterized by an accentuated medial plantar arch, can lead to postural problems and pain. It contrasts with flat foot, which features a flattened plantar vault. Pes cavus can be congenital, adaptive, or idiopathic, with potential causes including neurological diseases, skeletal causes, and trauma. Symptoms may include pain, unstable ankles, and difficulty in movement, with severe cases leading to tendonitis or tendon rupture. Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam and may include X-rays, MRI, or electromyography. Treatment varies from conservative methods like custom insoles and physiotherapy to surgical interventions, depending on the cause and severity.

Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder often caused by gallstones blocking bile flow, leading to biliary colic. It can be acute or chronic and may occur without stones (alitiasic). Risk factors include obesity, type 2 diabetes, and rapid weight loss. Many with gallstones remain asymptomatic, while others may experience severe complications. Diagnosis involves abdominal ultrasound and blood tests. Treatments range from bile acid administration for small stones to laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cases. Dietary advice includes staying hydrated, eating balanced meals, and avoiding high-fat diets and rapid weight loss to prevent stone formation and improve gallbladder motility.

The Atrial Flow Regulator (AFR) is a minimally invasive, state-of-the-art device used to treat heart failure when drugs are ineffective. It is implanted via a trans-venous femoral puncture and creates a communication channel in the interatrial septum to reduce left atrial pressure and pulmonary capillary pressure. This treatment is applicable to patients with both preserved and reduced ejection fraction heart failure. International studies indicate that AFR implantation leads to a significant reduction in symptoms and hospitalizations, improving patients' quality of life and allowing them to engage in physical activity without the need for replacement.

Murphy’s maneuver is a diagnostic technique used to investigate pain originating in the gallbladder, named after American surgeon John Benjamin Murphy. It involves the patient lying supine while the doctor presses on the gallbladder point and asks the patient to inhale deeply. A positive Murphy’s sign, where pain is exacerbated and inhalation is abruptly stopped, indicates the probable presence of cholecystitis or gallstones. However, a positive sign is not sufficient for diagnosis, which requires further laboratory and imaging tests to avoid false positives and negatives.

Blumberg’s sign is a clinical indicator of peritoneal wall inflammation, identified by rebound pain upon abrupt release of abdominal palpation. A positive Blumberg’s sign suggests possible peritonitis, while a negative sign does not necessarily rule out abdominal pathology. It is particularly relevant in emergency situations and should be assessed before administering anti-inflammatory drugs, which could mask the pain and lead to a false negative. The sign's pathological meaning is linked to peritonitis, where early detection and location are crucial. Further tests are required to confirm initial diagnoses.

Sociopathy, defined as antisocial personality disorder, is a pathology that prevents individuals from adapting to the ethical and behavioral standards of their socio-cultural community. It includes a range of behaviors such as lack of remorse, disregard for the law, and manipulative tendencies. The DSM-5 categorizes it within cluster B personality disorders. Sociopathy is more prevalent in males and can be associated with criminal behavior. It may have genetic factors or stem from environmental influences like a denied childhood or abuse. Diagnosis is complex, but psychotherapy focusing on skill building and behavior change is the primary treatment, with medications used to manage co-occurring disorders. Anger management programs may also be beneficial.

Red eyes, or ocular hyperemia, occur due to dilation of blood vessels in the sclera and can be caused by various factors including inflammation, infection, trauma, disease, and external factors like air pollution or dryness. Common inflammations causing red eyes include conjunctivitis, blepharitis, dacryocystitis, keratitis, scleritis, episcleritis, iridocyclitis, and uveitis. Red eyes can also result from dry eye syndrome, allergies, and diseases like glaucoma, ophthalmic herpes zoster, retinoblastoma, trachoma, and corneal ulcer. Other triggers include bad habits like prolonged use of contact lenses or exposure to screens. Treatment should be guided by a specialist, and may involve antibiotics for bacterial infections, eye drops for viral infections or to rebalance the tear film, and further investigations for disease-related red eyes.

Congenital heart disease refers to structural or functional cardiac alterations present at birth, with symptoms manifesting from conception to the embryo-fetal phase, though sometimes discovered later in life. These defects occur when the heart and blood vessels don't develop properly during pregnancy, with an incidence of eight cases per 1,000 live births in Italy. They range from mild forms, often resolving spontaneously, to severe forms requiring immediate intervention. Diagnosis relies on clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic tests, with echocardiography increasing the chances of prenatal detection. Acquired heart disease, in contrast, develops after birth in a previously healthy child and can be due to direct heart issues or related organ diseases.

The peritoneum is a mesothelial serous membrane in the abdomen, lining the abdominal and part of the pelvic cavity (parietal peritoneum) and covering the viscera (visceral peritoneum). It consists of a thin continuous lamina and is divided into the parietal peritoneum, which lines the inner surface of the abdominopelvic cavity walls, and the visceral peritoneum, which covers the abdominal viscera. A virtual space called the peritoneal cavity, filled with serous fluid, exists between these two layers, allowing them to slide without friction. Some abdominal organs are completely surrounded by the peritoneum and have a double sheet called meso, which connects them to the parietal peritoneum. In contrast, organs like the duodenum and parts of the colon have an incomplete peritoneal lining, leaving some areas exposed.