The paper details the development of a lexical resource project for the endangered Salish language Nxaʔamxcín, tracing its evolution from the 1990s to its current online database form. It highlights the use of TEI P5 for data-encoding and archiving, emphasizing TEI's reliability and flexibility for lexical and morphological markup. The discussion extends to standards-harmonization efforts, particularly the challenges of achieving interoperability between the database and standards like LMF, RELISH, and GOLD, questioning the practical implications of conformance to standards.

Dave Keating discusses the challenges of adopting 'first world' technology solutions in Africa, emphasizing the need for localisation, consideration of infrastructure limitations, and the importance of local support. He criticizes the reliance on international products and providers, which often fail to meet the unique needs of the African context. Keating advocates for leveraging local talent in the ICT space to develop African solutions for African problems, which would also contribute to economic growth and job creation on the continent.

In 2009, David Cameron, then opposition leader, withdrew the Conservative Party from the European Peoples Party and established the European Conservatives and Reformists group, influenced by the eurosceptic wing of his party. This decision, aimed at securing leadership votes, exemplified Cameron's tendency to prioritize his political career, a pattern culminating in the Brexit referendum. Recently, Cameron, who resigned post-Brexit, was appointed foreign minister by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.

The first-ever Nuclear Energy Summit was held at the Atomium in Brussels, symbolizing Belgium's commitment to nuclear energy. Leaders from 14 European countries reaffirmed their dedication to the Nuclear Alliance, which faces opposition from Germany and Austria. The alliance, initiated by France, has gained strength following the UK's departure from the EU and the energy insecurity prompted by the war in Ukraine. More than half of the EU member states have joined or support the alliance, highlighting the EU's internal policy alignment on nuclear energy.

The EU's legislative term since 2019 has seen significant climate legislation, including the Green Deal and the Fit for 55 package, with a focus on decarbonizing transport. The Renewable Energy Directive requires 42.5% renewable energy by 2030, impacting transport with specific targets for reducing greenhouse gas intensity and increasing renewable energy share. The EU's biofuel policy has evolved, with initial promotion followed by restrictions due to concerns over indirect land use change. The European Court of Auditors highlighted the complexity and frequent changes in policy, suggesting a lack of predictability for investments. Stakeholders like the European Biodiesel Board emphasize the need for stability, while EU officials stress the importance of a consistent regulatory framework and acknowledge the need for some targeted modifications. The EU's shift away from Russian fossil fuels has underscored the role of biofuels in energy security.

The EU and UK governments have announced plans to phase out home gas boilers to reduce carbon emissions, with the EU aiming to end subsidies for fossil fuel boilers by 2025 and require zero-emission new buildings by 2030. However, flexibility in the legislation allows for potential loopholes, such as continued financing for hybrid boilers. NGOs like Friends of the Earth Europe criticize the EU directive for not being ambitious enough, while industry associations like the European Heat Pump Association welcome the clarity it provides. The UK's Future Homes Standard aims for net-zero-ready new homes by 2025, but political uncertainty may affect future legislation. The UK has also canceled hydrogen heating trials, indicating a lack of support for hydrogen-ready boilers. Climate advocates hope for more decisive action from a potential new Labour Government.

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has announced an anti-subsidy investigation into Chinese electric vehicles, highlighting the EU's stance against unfair trade practices. The EU is also extending trade protections to the wind sector, with non-binding measures to support European wind turbine manufacturers and potential actions against China in the wind sector. The EU's previous trade disputes with China over solar panels have informed current strategies, with the solar industry divided on the best approach to Chinese competition. While some advocate for trade measures, others, like SolarPower Europe, oppose new tariffs and suggest support measures instead. The EU's internal market commissioner Thierry Breton is considering both investigations and support strategies for the solar industry.

At the UN Climate Summit COP28 in Dubai, local authorities are participating alongside national governments to address climate change. Constance Koukoui from Cités Unies France emphasizes the frontline role of municipalities in climate change and natural disasters. Cités Unies and PLATFORMA are promoting climate partnerships, such as between Toulouse, Tunis, and Düsseldorf, and sharing tools developed by Grand Poitiers to assess greenhouse gas emissions. Examples of city diplomacy include partnerships between Lille and Oujda, and Tbilisi's green transport partnership with Leipzig and exchanges with Barcelona and London. Despite successful municipal collaborations, concerns remain that international efforts may overlook the potential of regions. Nino Rukhadze from Tbilisi highlights cities' focus on results over politics. The summit continues until December 12.

German Chancellor Olaf Scholz's call for global climate action at COP28 is overshadowed by a domestic budget crisis, exacerbated by a constitutional court ruling that deemed reallocating €60bn in unused Covid-19 debt for climate action unconstitutional. This financial shortfall threatens Germany's climate plans and credibility, as internal government tensions rise and public approval plummets. The ruling coalition faces pressure to find alternative funding solutions, with options ranging from new subsidies to declaring a climate emergency. Meanwhile, Germany's courts demand immediate climate action for transport and buildings, further complicating the government's position.

German Chancellor Olaf Scholz's call at COP28 for global commitment to end coal and gas use and triple renewable power by 2030 was contradicted by Germany's internal budget crisis, which threatens climate action funding. The crisis arose after a constitutional court ruling deemed reallocating €60bn for the green transition unconstitutional. The ruling has caused a rift within the coalition government, with differing opinions on how to fill the budget gap. The government's popularity is waning, with approval rates at 36% and rising support for parties opposing climate legislation. Germany's climate credibility is at stake as it faces judicial challenges and public disapproval while advocating for international climate action.

The tourism sector, responsible for 8% of global carbon emissions, is notably absent from the agenda of the COP28 UN climate summit in Dubai. Despite its significant environmental impact and economic importance, the sector lacks representation in climate discussions. Industry leaders like Ajay Prakash and Nicanor Sabula emphasize the need for tourism to play a more active role in sustainability efforts. Travel agents are developing green travel packages and promoting less crowded destinations to mitigate environmental damage. However, the challenge remains in balancing economic dependence on tourism with the need for sustainable practices.

EU lawmakers have agreed on new limits for methane emissions, aiming to impose maximum methane intensity values on fossil fuel companies by 2030. The regulation mandates monitoring, reporting, and fixing leaks, but the oil and gas industry warns of technological and feasibility challenges. Climate campaigners criticize the delayed implementation and potential loopholes. The regulation is expected to influence global methane reduction efforts, with significant implications for the upcoming COP28 summit.

The upcoming UN climate summit, COP28, in the UAE will emphasize the role of fossil fuel extractors in the energy transition. The summit will address the need for fairer cleantech supply chains, especially for resource-rich African countries like Nigeria, to avoid repeating the wealth accumulation patterns seen with fossil fuels. Critical minerals like copper and lithium are dominated by China, Europe, and North America, while patents for clean technologies are held by high and middle-income countries. The African Union is advocating for local manufacturing and value creation, with support from the African Minerals Development Center and the African Development Bank. Initiatives include manufacturing batteries in Zambia and Congo with US assistance and the African single energy market projected for 2040. The developed world is urged to collaborate with developing countries to build equitable supply chains, as current industrial policies in the EU and US may divert investment away from these nations.

The EU is struggling to maintain focus on climate action due to the Ukraine conflict, as highlighted in the State of the Energy Union report. The report acknowledges the EU's collective response to Russia's invasion and energy weaponization, including a significant reduction in gas demand. However, it also notes that the EU is not on track for climate neutrality by 2050, with energy security overshadowing climate action. The European Climate Neutrality Observatory's report aligns with the Commission's findings, emphasizing the slow pace of progress and the need for the Fit-for-55 legislative package. Concerns are raised about the EU's RePowerEU plan, which could promote new fossil fuel infrastructure, potentially hindering the transition to climate neutrality.

The European Commission is set to publish a report on the progress of countries applying to join the EU, with a focus on Ukraine and a controversial recommendation for Georgia to be given candidate status. The article discusses the historical and geopolitical complexities of EU enlargement, comparing the cases of Moldova, Georgia, and Ukraine. It highlights concerns about the EU's capacity to absorb large new members and the potential geopolitical motivations behind accession processes. The piece also critiques the short-term thinking of the European Commission and the lack of clear vision for the EU's future boundaries.

In Andalucia, the Party of European Socialists' annual congress coincides with political turmoil in Spain and Portugal. German Chancellor Olaf Scholz and Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez were trapped by nationalist protestors, while protests erupted in Spain over Sanchez's amnesty deal for Catalan referendum organizers. Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Costa resigned amid a corruption probe. Center-right opposition leader Alberto Feijoo denounced the amnesty deal, calling for mass protests. The situation has European dimensions, with EU flags prominent in protests and calls for intervention from European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen.

In the recent Polish election, the far-right Law and Justice (PiS) party, despite winning the most seats, failed to secure a majority. The centre-right Civic Platform, led by Donald Tusk, along with its allies, appears to have enough seats to form a government, marking a significant victory for liberal democracy in Poland. Tusk celebrated the results as a historic rebirth for Poland, emphasizing the end of PiS rule and the triumph of democracy and freedom.

Banks and financial institutions are hesitant to invest in bio-based technologies due to perceived risks, despite these technologies' potential to meet environmental and climate targets. Venture capitalists are more willing to take these risks compared to banks. The bioeconomy, involving biotechnology and biomass, faces challenges in scaling up due to a lack of understanding among investors and the need for large, costly facilities. Public assistance and simplified communication are essential to bridge the gap between innovators and financers. The European Union and various stakeholders are exploring ways to provide more certainty for investments, including new funding instruments and sustainability criteria.

For the past two decades, European voters have consistently chosen conservative leadership for the European Union, primarily through the European Peoples Party (EPP). This trend has resulted in conservative dominance across key EU institutions, including the European Commission, the Council, and the Parliament. The article explores the reasons behind this voting pattern, attributing it to an 'information deficit' where citizens lack adequate knowledge about EU governance. The upcoming EU election sees Ursula von der Leyen as the likely candidate for Commission President, though her position is challenged by both the far-right and the right wing of her party. The political landscape in Europe is shifting further to the right, with far-right parties gaining traction in countries like Portugal and Italy, reflecting a broader trend across the continent.

European Commission Vice President Maroš Šefčovič presented a European Wind Power Action Plan to achieve the EU's target of 42.5% renewable energy by 2030. The plan includes publishing guidance for EU member states to designate 'Renewables Acceleration Areas' to streamline permitting processes. NGOs and industry associations support the guidelines, which aim to address permitting bottlenecks and environmental concerns. The Nature Conservancy's 'Site Renewables Right' platform is highlighted as a tool for identifying low-conflict areas for renewable projects. The article also discusses the challenges faced in the UK and the importance of global cooperation at COP28 to meet renewable energy targets.

European consumers suspect that companies intentionally produce short-lived, non-repairable products. The new EU 'digital product passport' aims to extend product lifespan and improve recyclability, though its effectiveness is debated. The passport is part of the EU's sustainable product design regulation, expanding current eco-design rules to more products and requiring manufacturers to offer repair services and spare parts. While the recycling industry supports the initiative, concerns about its implementation and the burden on small businesses persist. The regulation is under discussion in the European Parliament and Council.

The COP28 UN climate summit saw 130 countries, including all EU nations, pledge to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030, a commitment crucial for limiting global warming. However, achieving this goal necessitates significant adjustments to solar supply chains, currently dominated by China. The Friedrich Naumann Foundation highlights the risks of overdependence on Chinese solar components and advocates for diversifying supply chains. The European Commission is considering new trade protection measures against China, amidst debates on the impact of such actions on Europe's solar industry. The article underscores the challenges and potential strategies for de-risking Europe's solar supply chain while balancing geopolitical and economic considerations.

The European Commission unfroze €10.2 billion in funds withheld from Hungary over rule of law concerns, coinciding with a summit where Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban threatened to veto EU aid to Ukraine. Despite the partial release, Orban only partially lifted his veto, allowing accession talks with Ukraine to proceed but maintaining his veto on additional EU aid to Ukraine.

The European Commission's recent report highlights the challenges and opportunities in promoting clean technologies in Europe amidst competition from the US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). While the EU has substantial climate funding, it is often fragmented and less targeted compared to the IRA's clear and substantial subsidies. The EU's regulatory approach contrasts with the US's subsidy-driven model, creating uncertainty for innovative technologies in Europe. Experts suggest that while the EU has strong innovation funding, it lacks sufficient support for scaling up technologies, which is crucial for competing with the US. The report calls for better-targeted funding to bridge this gap and ensure the EU remains competitive in the cleantech sector.

Europe needs stronger policies for bio-based products to ensure they do not compete with virgin fossil products, argues Rob Beekers, Business Development Director at Cargill. He highlights the challenges biorefineries face in scaling up, including high costs and the need for more pilot infrastructure. Beekers emphasizes the importance of creating a level playing field within the circular economy and leveraging existing industrial clusters for success. He calls for a clear policy framework from EU policymakers to transform the bioeconomy and recognize all sources of renewable carbon. The European Green Deal should be seen as both an environmental and economic opportunity.

The European Commission, under Ursula von der Leyen, has introduced several initiatives to address industrial competitiveness while maintaining climate goals. Key legislation includes the Net-Zero Industry Act, Green Deal Industrial Plan, and Critical Raw Materials Act, aimed at boosting industrial deployment of green technologies and securing raw material supplies. The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism will levy imports from countries with lax climate laws starting in 2026. The focus on industrial competitiveness is expected to continue into the next EU term, with stakeholders emphasizing the need to balance industry concerns with environmental objectives.

The article critiques the common media practice of referring to the European Union (EU) as a 'bloc,' arguing that this term misrepresents the EU's unique nature and leads to public misconceptions. The author, Dave Keating, emphasizes that the EU is more than a trade or political bloc but less than a country, advocating for the term 'union' as a more accurate descriptor. The article discusses the historical and political complexities of the EU, the impact of media mischaracterization on public understanding, and the consequences seen during the Brexit referendum. It calls for more precise language to better inform the public about the EU's true nature.

The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission has reclassified nuclear fusion, providing regulatory certainty to developers and potentially accelerating investment. A breakthrough experiment in December 2022 demonstrated a net energy gain from fusion, spurring further interest and investment. Companies like Commonwealth Fusion Systems are advancing fusion technology, with operational goals set for the mid-2020s. The European Commission supports fusion as part of its net-zero policy, with significant projects like ITER aiming for commercial viability by the 2040s. However, critics argue that the substantial investment required for fusion could be better spent on proven renewable technologies.

Liverpool hosts the 67th annual Eurovision Song Contest, stepping in for Ukraine. The event, known for its non-political stance, has seen numerous entries with climate change themes. Finland has been particularly active, with notable songs like 'Look Away' by Sebastian Rejman and 'Da Da Dam' by Paradise Oskar. Historical entries include Germany's 'Diese Welt' and Norway's 'For Vår Jord'. Recent entries like Ukraine's 'Sweet People' and Latvia's 'Eat Your Salad' continue the trend, blending environmental messages with unique artistic expressions.

The European Commission's Critical Raw Materials Act aims to secure essential resources for Europe's green and digital transitions, focusing on materials for electric vehicle batteries. Mining companies like Rio Tinto advocate for increased domestic extraction and recycling, while critics argue this may bypass public opposition to new mining projects. Colin Mackey of Rio Tinto emphasizes the importance of critical raw materials for the green transition and highlights the company's partnerships and investments in sustainable practices. The article discusses the potential risks of Europe's dependency on China for raw materials and the need for a balanced approach involving extraction, recycling, and imports.

Geert Wilders' far-right Party for Freedom (PVV) secured a first-place finish in the Dutch election, but with only 37 seats in the 150-seat parliament, it is unlikely he will form a majority government. The PVV's platform, which includes anti-Muslim policies and a desire to leave the EU, has remained consistent over the years. Despite the electoral success, the fragmented political landscape of the Netherlands makes it difficult for Wilders to gain the necessary support to govern.

The European Commission's draft for the EU's first sustainability reporting standards has sparked criticism from NGOs and investor groups for potentially enabling greenwashing by allowing companies to determine the relevance of disclosed information. The draft includes phased-in approaches and voluntary disclosures for certain metrics, which stakeholders argue undermines transparency and the goals of the European Green Deal. BusinessEurope and other industry associations express concerns about the complexity and economic impact of the standards. The standards are part of broader EU efforts to define sustainable investment and will be integral to the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive.

Europe faces challenges in connecting and efficiently using new energy-saving technologies. Milenko Tošić, director of innovation at VizLore Labs Foundation, highlights the need for consumer participation and interoperability in energy-saving applications. The European Commission is working on a Common European Reference Framework to address these issues. The InterConnect project, involving 51 European entities, aims to demonstrate advanced solutions but faces challenges such as the pandemic and supply chain disruptions. Effective policy and regulation are crucial to ensure consumer participation and data sharing while maintaining privacy and security.

David Cameron's 2009 decision to remove the Conservative Party from the European Peoples Party (EPP) and form the eurosceptic European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group marked a pivotal moment in UK politics. This move, driven by internal party pressures, set the stage for Brexit and the Conservative Party's shift towards the far right. Despite warnings from various political figures and the Obama administration, the British press largely ignored these developments. The ECR has since grown in influence under Giorgia Meloni, while the Conservative Party's departure from the ECR in 2022 remains unexplained. The article underscores the long-term impact of Cameron's decisions on both the UK and Europe.

Twitter, once a platform for diverse and thought-provoking discourse, has become increasingly unpleasant and confusing, especially under Elon Musk's ownership. Journalist Dave Keating, who has used Twitter to share his unique perspectives on European politics, is moving to Substack for more nuanced expression. Keating, an American in Brussels, advocates for a united and strong Europe, free from American dominance. He aims to provide a different lens on European politics and policy, challenging the dominant Anglo-Saxon narrative.

Venice and other popular tourist destinations are facing significant environmental and climate challenges due to overtourism. The influx of tourists strains local ecosystems, increases pollution, and exacerbates climate vulnerabilities. Efforts to mitigate these impacts include banning large cruise ships, promoting alternative destinations, and encouraging sustainable travel practices. Initiatives like the 'Slow Flow' project in Venice and similar efforts in Barcelona, the Netherlands, Iceland, Thailand, and Costa Rica aim to distribute tourists more evenly and reduce environmental stress. The travel industry is increasingly recognizing the need for sustainable practices, with companies like Booking.com launching programs to support eco-friendly travel. Studies suggest that minor adjustments in travel patterns could align tourism with net-zero emission goals by 2050.

The nomination of Wopke Hoekstra, a conservative Dutch politician, as the new EU climate commissioner has sparked significant controversy. Concerns have been raised by Green NGOs and members of the European Parliament over his lack of climate expertise and past association with Shell. The European Parliament's environment committee will soon hold a confirmation hearing, where Hoekstra is expected to face tough scrutiny. The objections are not only about his qualifications but also about the political implications, as his appointment is seen as a move by the European Peoples Party to dilute the EU's climate ambitions. The outcome of the hearing could impact the EU's climate policy and its representation at the upcoming COP28 summit.

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has hinted at seeking a second term in her final State of the European Union address. The EU's unique presidential selection process means her intentions are less important than the political maneuvering that will determine the outcome. Despite not running as a candidate in the parliamentary election, her future as president remains uncertain, with the European People's Party's (EPP) support being a key factor.

The EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is set to begin a transitional phase on October 1, targeting carbon-intensive imports to combat carbon leakage. Despite a lenient initial phase, businesses express concerns over preparedness and bureaucratic challenges. German industry associations VCI and BDI, along with Deloitte and the British Chambers of Commerce, have raised alarms about the readiness of companies. The Polish government has legally challenged CBAM, questioning its adoption process and potential economic impact. The EU insists CBAM is WTO-compatible and urges businesses to prepare for compliance, despite uncertainties and potential legal challenges.

The EU is considering establishing a Methane Import Standard as part of its forthcoming Methane Regulation to reduce global methane emissions. This initiative aims to leverage the EU's buying power to encourage global climate leadership, aligning with the Von der Leyen Commission's goal for the EU to lead on climate issues. The event, organized by the Clean Air Task Force, will discuss the feasibility, legality, and broader impact of such a standard, featuring a new report by CATF and Carbon Limit.

Dave Keating argues that the role of the President of the European Council, currently held by Charles Michel, is problematic due to its nebulous job description and the resulting confusion and inefficiency. He critiques Michel's focus on international presence over organizational duties and suggests that the title and expectations of the role should be changed to 'chairperson' to better reflect its administrative nature. Keating also discusses the history of the position since its creation by the Lisbon Treaty in 2009 and the implications of having multiple 'presidents' within the EU structure. He proposes that the Commission President should be the face of the EU and potentially be directly elected by European citizens in the future.

Nevomo, a European company, is developing a new generation of High-speed railways with its MagRail technology, which enables levitation on conventional railway infrastructure. This innovation aims to fill a market gap by providing a zero-emission transport mode competitive against aviation for distances ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 km. The technology's levitation capabilities reduce friction, increase efficiency and speed, and can be retrofitted onto existing rail systems in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner. A panel will discuss the social, economic, and environmental impacts, along with potential financing opportunities for MagRail trains.

In the wake of an inconclusive Spanish election, Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez's political gamble to call a snap election has left him in a precarious position, with Catalan separatists emerging as key players in government formation. Despite the Popular Party (PP) winning the most seats, they and their far-right ally Vox fell short of a majority, largely due to lingering negative memories of Franco's dictatorship. Sanchez's future hinges on delicate negotiations and promises to the Catalan separatists.

Frans Timmermans, the EU Executive Vice-President for the Green Deal, announced a package of laws targeting greenhouse gas emissions from the EU freight sector, promoting a shift from road to rail and waterways, and standardizing emissions calculations. The package includes incentives for zero-emission trucks, changes to rail capacity management, and the 'CountEmissionsEU' metric. Industry associations like Acea and the Community of European Railways have responded to the proposals, highlighting the need for adjustments to support the transition to zero-emission vehicles and the potential for a modal shift. The proposals will now move to the EU legislature, with uncertainty around progress due to the upcoming EU election and Timmermans' departure.

The EU has adopted a comprehensive battery law covering the entire life cycle of batteries, aiming to make batteries produced in the EU the greenest globally. The law includes a carbon footprint declaration, design requirements for easy removal and replacement by consumers, and ambitious recycling targets. It also addresses global competition, aiming to set a standard that could benefit European producers. The law has been welcomed by industry associations and consumer groups, and includes provisions to prevent child labor in the sourcing of raw materials.

The European Commission is planning a new EU law to promote sustainable travel by making it easier for online booking providers to offer multimodal transport options, including trains. The proposal aims to address the current lack of train options on search engines due to data-sharing issues among transport operators. While some stakeholders, like EU Travel Tech, support the initiative for its potential climate and consumer benefits, others, such as the Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies (CER), argue it could be counterproductive. The proposal's future is uncertain, especially with the potential departure of Vice-President Frans Timmermans, a key advocate for the original plan.

Spain, under the leadership of Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, has taken over the EU Council presidency with the task of concluding negotiations on the EU's electricity market design reform. The reform aims to respond to rising energy prices and establish favorable conditions for renewable energy investment. However, Sánchez's snap election call has cast uncertainty on the agenda. The opposition Popular Party (PP) criticizes Sánchez's 'Iberian exception' policy, which uncoupled electricity prices from gas, and may undo or deprioritize the EU market reform if they win. The EU's electricity market design, last reformed in 2018, faces challenges in providing reliable investment signals for decarbonization, with divergent views among member states on issues like contracts for difference (CfDs) and capacity mechanisms for coal power plants.

The EU-Mercosur trade deal faces significant delays due to environmental concerns, particularly from French President Emmanuel Macron, who demands sustainability commitments from Mercosur countries. Despite hopes for progress at a recent summit, no breakthrough was achieved. Greenpeace and some EU national governments have raised concerns about the potential environmental impact of the deal. The EU has adopted a new approach linking trade to sustainable development, but Mercosur countries view it as a violation of sovereignty. An additional protocol proposed by the EU Commission has not gained traction. The EU-Argentina energy deal, signed at the same summit, highlights the challenges in finalizing the broader EU-Mercosur agreement.

The European Commission is considering setting an EU 2040 climate target following a public consultation, with Commission Executive Vice-President Frans Timmermans advocating for a legally binding target to ensure the EU stays on track to meet its 2030 and 2050 goals. The European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change supports a 90–95% GHG emissions reduction target for 2040. Industry responses to the consultation are mixed, with some in favor or accepting of an interim target, while others express skepticism or call for flexibility. President Ursula von der Leyen faces political challenges from within her own party, the European Peoples Party, which has shown resistance to parts of her Green Deal. The article suggests that while a 2040 target is seen as logical, proposing one may be delayed for political reasons, potentially until after the next European election.

A draft proposal to ban per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as 'forever chemicals', has caused concern in the European chemicals industry and among users of these chemicals due to their broad application, including in clean technologies such as electric car batteries, heat pumps, and hydrogen production. While acknowledging the health risks of some PFAS, industry representatives argue the proposed EU ban is too extensive, potentially hindering the energy transition and green objectives. Environmental NGOs and consumer advocates support the ban, emphasizing the health risks and environmental persistence of PFAS. The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is considering the draft, with a recommendation expected next year, and a decision by national governments likely in 2025.

The EU's transition to net-zero is heavily reliant on technologies like wind, solar, hydrogen, and electric vehicles, all of which depend on steel. The EU steel sector is pivotal for decarbonising the European economy and maintaining competitiveness in green steel projects by 2030. Achieving these goals requires cohesive industrial policies and sustainable, low-carbon energy sources. The U.S. Inflation Reduction Act is highlighted as a potential model. The EUROFER Conference featured discussions among CEOs, business leaders, and policymakers on incentivising investment in clean tech, preventing carbon and green investment leakage, and enhancing hydrogen capacity and electricity market design to support industrial consumers driving towards net-zero.

The hospitality sector, a significant contributor to the EU economy, is facing challenges such as economic recovery post-Covid-19, inflation, high energy costs, and labor shortages. The panel discussion, organized by METRO and media partnered by EURACTIV, addressed the necessary skills for making the hospitality sector more resilient and sustainable, including handling new sustainability requirements, adapting to attract new workforce, and the importance of digital savviness for process optimization and sustainability.

Soil is a non-renewable resource crucial for ecosystem functioning and sustainable agriculture. The European Commission emphasizes healthy soils as vital for climate neutrality, a clean economy, and reversing biodiversity loss. Soils face threats like erosion and contamination, but practices such as conservation and regenerative agriculture can transform soil into a carbon sink, enhancing nutrient retention and reducing the need for fertilizers and pesticides. The discussion highlights agriculture's role and the tools available to address soil health challenges.

Overtourism is causing significant environmental strain and contributing to climate change, with Venice and Barcelona being notable examples. The phenomenon leads to pollution, resource depletion, and increased vulnerability to climate change effects. Efforts to mitigate overtourism include banning large cruise ships, promoting alternative destinations, and encouraging sustainable tourism practices. Initiatives like Venice's 'Slow Flow' concept and Barcelona's measures to reduce cruise ship traffic aim to distribute tourists more evenly and reduce the carbon footprint of travel. The tourism industry is increasingly aware of the need for sustainability, with travelers showing interest in more sustainable options.

The European Commission celebrated the one-year anniversary of the REPowerEU plan, which aimed to reduce Europe's dependency on Russian gas. Despite significant achievements, including a reduction in gas imports from Russia and increased LNG imports, concerns remain about the upcoming winter. The mild winter and high energy prices helped reduce demand, but experts warn that the urgency to maintain these measures is fading. The EU needs to implement long-term policies to ensure lower gas consumption and prepare for potential future energy crises. The success of new LNG supplies and demand reductions is uncertain, and further policy support is needed for green technologies and home renovations.

Liverpool in the U.K. is hosting the 67th annual Eurovision Song Contest, a major live television event that surpasses the viewership of the Superbowl, Oscars, and Grammys combined. This year's contest is seen as an opportunity for Britain to demonstrate a more welcoming attitude towards Europe, complementing the goodwill generated by King Charles III's recent coronation. The contest involves each participating country selecting an artist to perform an original song, with winners chosen by public votes and national juries. Sweden, Finland, and France are the favorites this year, with a potential French victory being particularly notable given the country's historically low engagement with the contest.

The European Commission has proposed harmonizing national criminal laws against corruption and increasing anti-corruption penalties across the European Union. This would include EU-level lawmakers in Brussels, requiring Belgium to harmonize its laws as well. However, Eastern European member states such as Hungary, Poland, and Romania have shown resistance to the EU's interference in their national practices.

Nine countries signed the Ostend Declaration at the North Sea Summit, pledging to increase offshore wind capacity to 300GW by 2050, doubling last year's commitment. The UK and the Netherlands agreed to build a new electricity cable, LionLink. The EU and Norway signed a 'green alliance', and Belgium and Norway agreed to cooperate on carbon capture. Divisions were evident at the summit's closing press conference, with disagreements on nuclear power and renewable energy dependence, and the notable absence of British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.

Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and the UK signed the Ostend Declaration at the North Sea Summit, pledging to increase offshore wind capacity to 300GW by 2050. The summit saw numerous bilateral deals, including a new electricity cable between the UK and the Netherlands and a 'green alliance' between the EU and Norway. However, familiar divisions emerged, such as Belgium's legal dispute with France over a wind farm and Luxembourg's opposition to nuclear power, which agitated French President Macron. The absence of UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak at the final press conference highlighted disunity among the participants.

Eastern European EU member states, including Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and potentially Romania, have unilaterally banned grain imports from Ukraine, causing tensions in Brussels. These bans are technically illegal under EU law, which mandates that trade policy is set at the EU level. The bans were prompted by a surplus of grain leading to plummeting prices and domestic political repercussions, such as the resignation of Poland's agriculture minister following farmer protests.

The EU is preparing to introduce 'product passports' as part of the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) to ensure products are durable, repairable, and recyclable. The passports will contain information to aid in recycling, but concerns have been raised about enforceability and the burden on businesses, especially SMEs. The ESPR is currently under debate in the European Parliament and Council of the EU.

After nearly two years of negotiations, the EU was set to sign a law banning ICE cars from 2035, but German Finance Minister Christian Lindner's last-minute opposition, seeking an amendment for hydrogen-derived e-fuels, has thrown the law's future into question. This has caused a rift within Germany's coalition government and led to the European Commission drafting a compromise. Climate campaigners criticize the move as a loophole that could hinder EV development and favor the oil and gas industry. Most automakers support the original legislation, seeing EVs as a market opportunity, except Porsche, which is investing in e-fuels. The e-fuels industry argues that a hard ban on ICEs would harm the development of a clean e-fuel industry, while critics fear it will be unenforceable and lead to continued fossil fuel use.

Brexit takes effect at midnight, leading to the UK's departure from the EU's Emissions Trading System. Prime Minister Boris Johnson has opted for a domestic trading scheme starting January 1st, aiming for more ambitious carbon reduction targets. Key details about the new system remain unclear, including potential links to the EU ETS. The post-Brexit trade deal secures UK access to the EU energy market until 2026, contingent on EU fishing access to UK waters. The UK will now independently commit to the Paris Agreement, with provisions to maintain environmental standards in line with the EU to avoid trade penalties.

Germany's parliament has passed a revision to the renewable energy law, committing to meet 65% of the country's electricity demand with renewable power by 2030. This decision follows an agreement within the governing coalition and aligns with the EU's new emissions reduction target of 55% by 2030. The amended law will replace expiring feed-in tariffs with auctions for renewed support starting in 2022. Environment Minister Svenja Schulze emphasized the need to incorporate the new EU climate target into the law and adjust expansion rates for wind and solar plants. However, the solar power industry association BSW criticized the law as inadequate, citing new market barriers. Key changes include compensation for citizens near wind turbines and the removal of remuneration for power plant operators during negative price phases.

EU and U.K. negotiators reached a post-Brexit deal on Christmas Eve, addressing the contentious issue of electric car batteries. The agreement allows a six-year exemption for electric cars from tariffs, provided they contain no more than 55% non-European components. This grace period aims to give European carmakers time to shift their battery supply chains from East Asia to Europe. Despite this, some automakers, like Nissan, are moving production out of the U.K. due to Brexit-related risks. The deal's impact on the automotive industry highlights ongoing challenges in achieving green transport goals in the EU and U.K.

The French High Council on Climate reports that the deployment of 5G technology could significantly increase greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, primarily due to the manufacturing of new devices and infrastructure. The report, commissioned by the French Senate, has fueled opposition from far-left and Green MPs who have called for a moratorium on 5G deployment. In contrast, President Emmanuel Macron remains committed to the rollout, dismissing critics as adhering to an outdated lifestyle. The report also suggests measures to mitigate the environmental impact, such as stricter energy-consumption requirements for electronic devices and internet infrastructure.

Frans Timmermans, despite losing his bid for EU presidency, has been tasked with implementing the European Green Deal, aiming for an emissions-free EU by 2050. Ursula Von Der Leyen, the new EU president, announced her cabinet, with Timmermans leading the Green Deal initiative. His team, composed entirely of Eastern European commissioners, faces significant challenges, particularly from Eastern European countries wary of economic impacts. Timmermans' previous conflicts with Poland and Hungary over rule-of-law violations add to the complexity of his new role.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel argued against a European Union ban on internal combustion engines, citing practical limitations. Her comments follow UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson's goal to ban combustion engines by 2030. Merkel emphasized the need for realistic legislative proposals from the European Commission. Climate campaign group Transport & Environment advocates for a 2035 phase-out deadline for combustion engines across the EU. Electric car sales in Europe have surged due to stringent emissions limits, expected to represent 15% of vehicle sales by 2021.

U.K. Prime Minister Boris Johnson's ten-point climate plan has been met with criticism for its lack of detail and insufficient funding. Experts and opposition figures argue that the plan, which includes goals such as offshore wind power, low carbon hydrogen production, and a ban on new petrol or diesel vehicles by 2030, falls short of what is needed to meet the U.K.'s emissions targets. The plan's announcement comes ahead of the COP26 UN climate summit in Glasgow and the Climate Ambition Summit 2020. Concerns are also raised about the U.K.'s climate ambition post-Brexit. Johnson, who has previously been skeptical about climate change, has acknowledged the issue's severity.

Germany's supreme court has ruled that the compensation clauses in Chancellor Angela Merkel's plan to phase out nuclear power by 2022 violate the constitution, necessitating further revisions to the Atomic Energy Act. The court found that the current law does not fairly compensate nuclear plant operators like Vattenfall, RWE, and E.ON. Environment Minister Svenja Schulze plans to introduce a revised legislation to meet the court's requirements. Vattenfall, which initiated the legal challenge, welcomed the decision but faced criticism from German lawmakers. The ruling does not affect the overall plan to phase out nuclear power by 2022, but it highlights ongoing legal and compensation issues.

U.K. Prime Minister Boris Johnson is set to announce a 10-point climate plan next week to showcase at the 2021 COP26 UN climate summit in Glasgow. The plan aims to meet the U.K.'s goal of net-zero emissions by 2050 and includes commitments such as advancing the electric vehicle target to 2030 and ending U.K. funding for fossil fuels abroad. The U.K. is currently investing only 12% of the required funds to meet its Paris Agreement commitments. Johnson, who previously expressed skepticism about climate change, has shifted his stance, acknowledging the overwhelming evidence and impact of global warming.

South Korean President Moon Jae-in has committed to a net zero carbon emissions target by 2050, joining Japan and China in East Asia's push towards decarbonization. This follows criticism of South Korea's previous lack of climate action. The announcement coincides with the US presidential election, contrasting Donald Trump's climate change skepticism with Joe Biden's ambitious climate plan, which also includes a 2050 net zero emissions goal. Financial institutions in South Korea, such as KB Financial Group, Samsung C&T, and KEPCO, have announced their withdrawal from thermal coal. Experts like Rebecca Mikula-Wright of the Asia Investor Group in Climate Change highlight the importance of interim 2030 targets to achieve the 2050 goals and the positive market signal sent by East Asia's commitments.

Electric vehicle sales in Europe have surged due to strict CO2 limits, with electric cars now representing a significant portion of vehicle sales. The European Union's regulations have incentivized automakers to produce more electric vehicles, leading to a tripling of EVs on the road. In contrast, the U.S. has seen a decline in EV sales, attributed to weaker fuel economy standards and regulatory rollbacks by the Trump administration. The article highlights the need for continued regulatory pressure to sustain the growth of electric vehicles and reduce emissions.

European taxpayers are spending €32 billion annually on polluting petrol or diesel company cars, according to a study by Transport & Environment. The study highlights that six out of ten cars in Europe are company-owned, predominantly fossil-fuel-powered, contributing significantly to CO2 emissions. The issue is exacerbated in high-income tax countries like Belgium, where companies offer tax-free company cars instead of higher salaries. The report suggests ending government subsidies and tax incentives for fossil fuel cars and mandating electric vehicles for corporate fleets to address pollution and climate impact. Transitioning to electric cars could save companies money and provide affordable second-hand EVs to the market.

The European Parliament has voted to increase the EU's 2030 emissions reduction target from 40% to 60%, surpassing the European Commission's proposed 55%. The vote, which passed by a narrow margin, faced opposition from right-wing groups but was supported by center-left and left-wing factions. The new target requires approval from EU national governments, with discussions set to continue. Climate campaigners have praised the decision, urging member states to adopt the higher target for meaningful climate action.

The Coronavirus pandemic has led to a significant shift from public transport to private cars in Germany, driven by health concerns. A survey by the German Aerospace Center's Institute for Transport Research found that half of the respondents are using public transport less due to health risks. Traffic levels have returned to pre-crisis levels, with private cars emerging as the preferred mode of transport. Public transport ridership dropped significantly during the lockdown but has partially recovered. The shift poses challenges for sustainable mobility concepts and the future of public transport.

Air pollution has surged in several major cities following the easing of Covid-19 lockdowns, with New York City experiencing a 33% increase in PM2.5 levels. Other cities like Cape Town and Madrid also saw significant increases, while cities in Asia and Oceania, such as Hong Kong, Sydney, and Singapore, continued to see decreases in air pollution. The report by Instant Offices highlights the dramatic changes in air quality, contrasting the improvements seen during lockdowns with the subsequent rise in pollution as normal activities resume.

The European Commission has adopted a proposal to increase the EU's 2030 emissions reduction target from 40% to 55%. This proposal will be presented to the European Parliament by President Ursula von der Leyen. While the European Parliament's environment committee suggests a 60% target, and countries like France support an increase, Eastern EU nations, particularly Poland, oppose it. Eurochambers, representing European commerce chambers, also opposes the increase, stating the 40% target is already ambitious. Conversely, over 150 businesses and investors advocate for at least a 55% target, emphasizing the need for clear policies and investment confidence to foster a resilient zero carbon economy.

The European Union's list of nationalities permitted for tourism, initially set to expand, is instead shrinking due to resurging COVID-19 cases. Serbians, Montenegrans, and now Algerians have been removed, leaving 11 countries on the list. Despite the list being a 'maximal' one, many EU countries have not allowed all listed nationalities, preferring a blanket ban on non-EU citizens. The policy applies to all EU countries except Ireland and includes non-EU Schengen area countries like Norway and Switzerland.

A group of eleven European gas infrastructure companies has proposed a plan to create a 'European hydrogen backbone' to transport hydrogen gas across Europe, leveraging existing pipelines with minor modifications. The network aims to connect industrial clusters, offshore wind farms, and solar power plants, with an estimated cost of €27 to €64 billion by 2040. The European Commission has also unveiled a hydrogen strategy to scale up green hydrogen production and establish funding mechanisms. However, climate campaigners, such as Friends of the Earth Europe, criticize the strategy, arguing it supports the fossil fuel industry under the guise of promoting hydrogen.

Uber's destruction of its Jump electric bikes following the sale of its Jump scheme to Lime has sparked global outrage. Videos showing the bikes being crushed have surfaced amid a time when micromobility solutions like eBikes and eScooters are in high demand due to the easing of Coronavirus lockdowns and the need for alternative transportation to avoid public transport. While some cities are reversing restrictions on eScooters, the scrapping of 20,000 to 30,000 bikes has been criticized as an ecological disaster and insensitive act. Cycling advocacy groups and competitors like Billy Bike have expressed disgust, highlighting the environmental claims of Uber's micromobility schemes and the potential use of these bikes for those financially impacted by COVID-19.

The European Union is set to launch a website and app to inform citizens about travel restrictions and quarantine rules due to uncoordinated border reopenings. Belgium and France are reopening borders on June 15, with varying quarantine rules for travelers from the UK. The EU's external borders remain closed except for EU citizens and the British during the Brexit transition. Airlines are accused of selling tickets for flights they know will not operate, potentially to improve liquidity. The EU and national governments encourage travel to support the tourism industry, while the UK government advises against non-essential international travel. Air travel will involve strict safety measures, and international train travel will be limited and more expensive due to social distancing requirements.

U.S. oil prices experienced their largest monthly gain in history in May, recovering significantly from the losses during March and April due to the Coronavirus lockdowns and the price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia. The American Petroleum Institute reported a small crude oil inventory draw, which led to a surge in trading, with U.S. Brent crude ending at $39.66. Despite the rapid price recovery, it is uncertain if investors will return to 'business as usual' as global lockdowns end, especially considering the recent boost in renewable energy shares and predictions of growth in renewable power.

As travel restrictions ease, consumers are warned to be cautious when booking flights due to suspicions that some airlines are selling tickets for flights they do not intend to operate. An investigation suggests airlines are offering vouchers instead of cash refunds for cancelled flights, a practice that is being scrutinized by the European Commission. The EU is in a dispute with airlines and member states over the enforcement of passenger rights law, which requires cash refunds for cancelled flights. The Commission has recommended making vouchers more attractive to ensure consumer protection.

Despite initial beliefs that the COVID-19 pandemic would benefit the climate due to reduced emissions, a peer-reviewed study by the University of East Anglia published in Nature Climate Change indicates that the impact is minimal. The study found a 17% global reduction in daily carbon emissions at the peak of lockdown, which is insufficient compared to the cuts needed to address climate change. The potential decrease in total emissions for 2020 is estimated at 4-7%, depending on the duration of restrictions, which is less than the 7.6% annual reduction required to prevent a catastrophic temperature rise. The study emphasizes the need for systemic change rather than temporary reductions. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe suggests that post-pandemic recovery should focus on sustainable development, and Cranfield University academics are exploring digital tools to maintain reduced emissions patterns.

The European Commission has proposed a phased plan to reopen borders, airports, and hotels to resume leisure travel by summer, focusing on safety and sustainability. The plan includes a three-phased approach to lift travel restrictions, guidelines for smartphone contact tracing app compatibility, and health protocols for hotels. Despite the tourism sector's significant contribution to the EU economy and the severe impact of COVID-19, the Commission maintains EU passenger rights law, requiring airlines to offer refunds for cancelled flights. Airlines are disappointed with the Commission's refusal to suspend this law and warn that uncoordinated measures will hinder recovery. The Commission's recommendations are not binding, leading to criticism from the airline industry for a lack of decisive regulatory action.

The European Commission announced it will extend temporarily relaxed state aid rules to allow national governments to bail out companies facing liquidity crises, including airlines, without imposing green conditions. Despite calls from environmental NGOs, the Commission stated it lacks the power to enforce such conditions, which must be set by national governments. The new rules will ban dividends and bonuses for companies receiving aid and require transparency in how the funds are used. France is the only country so far to attach environmental conditions to its airline bailout, requiring Air France to cancel domestic flights that compete with high-speed rail.

Experts suggest that converting passenger aircraft cabins into hybrid passenger-freight spaces may be a viable solution for maintaining social distancing on planes during the Coronavirus pandemic. HAECO Americas proposes a system to replace some passenger seats with cargo stowage, allowing airlines to optimize space and continue operations. The European Union and other governments are considering social distancing measures for air travel, but airlines argue that maintaining a two-meter distance is not economically feasible. The World Economic Forum highlights the impact of reduced passenger flights on freight transport, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions to revive the aviation sector.

Twelve EU countries have requested the European Commission to suspend a law mandating airlines to offer full refunds for canceled flights, proposing time-limited vouchers instead to prevent bankruptcies and encourage future travel. The European Commission maintains the law but faces pressure from national governments and airlines. Consumer advocates argue against forcing vouchers on passengers. The European tourism sector, significantly impacted by the pandemic, warns of potential collapse without summer travel. Discussions continue on balancing consumer protection with airline liquidity, with potential legislative changes under consideration.

As countries ease COVID-19 lockdowns, Europe's airlines, through an open letter by Airlines for Europe's managing director Thomas Reynaert, assert that social distancing on aircraft is unfeasible and unnecessary. They advocate for harmonized health measures across countries to facilitate international travel. Ryanair's CEO Michael O'Leary opposes social distancing on flights unless compensated for revenue loss. The European Commission is considering safety measures for air travel, including mandatory face masks and disinfection. Eurocontrol presents two scenarios for the industry's recovery, emphasizing the importance of coordinated measures between countries. The industry faces significant revenue losses, with Eurocontrol estimating a €110 billion loss in 2020.