Since 2014, US troops have supported Iraqi forces against the Islamic State group. The assassination of Iranian general Qassem Soleimani by a US drone strike has escalated tensions, with unclear consequences. The cooperation between the international coalition and Iraqi forces may be affected.

Jakarta is facing severe subsidence issues, with parts of the city sinking up to 17cm a year, threatening the homes of 4.5 million people. In response, Indonesia has initiated the $40bn 'giant seawall' project, or National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD), which includes a 25km dyke and 17 man-made islands. Despite the project's aim to prevent inundation and provide a freshwater reservoir, it has been criticized for potentially displacing fishermen and failing to address the root causes of pollution and water supply. The NCICD's success is uncertain, with concerns about its ability to stop land subsidence and the impact on seasonal flooding. The project's long-term viability is also in question, with an expected protective lifespan only until 2080 unless subsidence is halted.