Credit from the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that credit to the government and public corporations consistently exceeded private sector credit from August 2021 to February 2022. Historical parallels are drawn to a similar period in 1989, marked by significant political events and conflicts. The article provides detailed monthly credit figures and historical context.

Credit from the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data reveals that this shift began in August 2021. Historical parallels are drawn to political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that credit to the government and public corporations amounted to Rs 7,331 billion in February 2022, compared to Rs 7,051 billion for the private sector. This trend has been consistent since August 2021. Historical parallels are drawn to a similar period in 1989, marked by significant political events including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has consistently surpassed credit to the private sector for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last observed in 1989. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka's data highlights this shift, with significant differences in credit allocation between the public and private sectors. Historical parallels are drawn with political events from 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP. The trend reversed in November 1989 following the death of JVP leader Rohana Wijeweera, but has re-emerged since August 2021.

Credit from the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data reveals that this shift began in August 2021. Historical parallels are drawn to political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa, the IPKF's conflict with the LTTE, and the JVP's insurgency. The killing of JVP leader Rohana Wijeweera in November 1989 marked the last time private sector credit overtook government credit until the recent trend reversal.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data indicates that this shift began in August 2021 and has continued, with government and public corporation credit reaching Rs 7,331 billion in February 2022 compared to Rs 7,051 billion for the private sector. Historical parallels are drawn to the period from January to October 1989, which saw similar financial dynamics amid significant political events, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Banking and monetary sectors' credit to the Sri Lankan government and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. Credit to the government and public corporations was Rs 7,331 billion in February 2022, exceeding private sector credit by Rs 280 billion. This pattern has persisted since August 2021. Historical political events, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP, coincided with similar financial trends in the late 1980s.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has consistently overshadowed credit to the private sector for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data reveals that this phenomenon, which began in August 2021, marks a significant shift in the country's credit dynamics. Historical parallels are drawn with political events from 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

The Central Bank of Sri Lanka's data reveals that for the seventh consecutive month up to February 2022, credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations surpassed credit to the private sector, a trend last observed in 1989. This shift in credit distribution is contextualized with historical political events, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa, the IPKF's conflict with the LTTE, and the JVP's insurgency. The article highlights the significant disparity in credit allocation between the government and private sectors over several months, reflecting broader economic and political dynamics.

Credit from the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that this phenomenon has persisted since August 2021. Historical parallels are drawn with political events from 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the LTTE and JVP. The article highlights the significant disparity in credit allocation between the government and private sectors over recent months.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that this phenomenon, which began in August 2021, has continued, with government and public corporation credit consistently surpassing private sector credit. Historical parallels are drawn to a similar period in 1989, marked by significant political events and conflicts. The article provides detailed monthly credit figures and historical context.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data reveals that in February 2022, credit to the government and public corporations was Rs 7,331 billion, exceeding the Rs 7,051 billion to the private sector by Rs 280 billion. This pattern has persisted since August 2021. The article also references political events from 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit from the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that this phenomenon has persisted since August 2021, with significant differences in credit amounts between the public and private sectors. Historical parallels are drawn to political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit by the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed credit to the private sector for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that this phenomenon, which previously occurred during a politically tumultuous period in 1989, has re-emerged, with government and public corporation credit consistently surpassing private sector credit. Historical political events, such as the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP, are noted as coinciding with similar financial trends in the past.

The Central Bank of Sri Lanka's data reveals that for the seventh consecutive month up to February 2022, credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations surpassed credit to the private sector, a trend last observed in 1989. This shift in credit dynamics is highlighted by specific monthly figures, showing a consistent preference for government and public corporation credit over private sector credit. Historical parallels are drawn with political events from 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the LTTE and JVP.

Credit from the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed credit to the private sector for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that this phenomenon coincides with significant political events, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and the conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP. The trend reversed briefly in November 1989 following the killing of JVP leader Rohana Wijeweera but has persisted since August 2021.

Credit by the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data highlights that credit to the government and public corporations consistently exceeded private sector credit from August 2021 to February 2022. Historical parallels are drawn with political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit by the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that credit to the government and public corporations consistently exceeded private sector credit from August 2021 to February 2022. Historical parallels are drawn with political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit from the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has consistently surpassed credit to the private sector for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last observed in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data highlights that this shift in credit allocation mirrors historical political events, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP. The trend reversed briefly in November 1989 following the death of JVP leader Rohana Wijeweera, but has re-emerged in recent months.

The Central Bank of Sri Lanka's data reveals that for the seventh consecutive month up to February 2022, credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector, a trend last seen in 1989. This shift in credit dynamics is highlighted by significant differences in credit amounts between the public and private sectors over several months. Historical political events, such as the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP, are noted as coinciding with similar credit trends in the past.

Credit from the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data highlights that this shift began in August 2021. Historical parallels are drawn with political events from 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa, the IPKF's conflict with the LTTE, and the JVP's insurgency. The killing of JVP leader Rohana Wijeweera in November 1989 marked the last time private sector credit overtook government and public corporation credit until the recent trend reversal.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data indicates that this shift in credit allocation began in August 2021 and has continued, with government and public corporation credit reaching Rs 7,331 billion in February 2022 compared to Rs 7,051 billion for the private sector. Historical parallels are drawn to the period from January to October 1989, which saw similar financial trends amidst significant political events, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa, conflicts involving the IPKF and LTTE, and the JVP's activities against the government.

The Sri Lankan economy is projected to shrink by 3.8%, with domestic credit from the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations continuing to overshadow credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022. This trend, last seen in 1989, highlights significant shifts in financial priorities. Historical parallels are drawn with political events from the late 1980s, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa, the IPKF's conflict with the LTTE, and the JVP's insurgency.

Credit by the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed credit to the private sector for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that credit to the government and public corporations consistently exceeded private sector credit by significant margins. Historical parallels are drawn to political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP. The trend reversed briefly in November 1989 following the killing of JVP leader Rohana Wijeweera.

Credit from the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that this phenomenon, which began in August 2021, has persisted, with government and public corporation credit consistently surpassing private sector credit. Historical parallels are drawn to a similar period in 1989, marked by significant political events including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that this phenomenon has persisted since August 2021. Historical parallels are drawn to political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the LTTE and JVP. The article highlights the significant disparity in credit allocation between the public and private sectors.

The article discusses the trend of domestic credit allocation in Sri Lanka, highlighting that credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed credit to the private sector for seven consecutive months up to February 2022. This phenomenon was last observed in 1989. The article provides detailed figures for each month from August 2021 to February 2022, showing the disparity between credit to the government and public corporations versus the private sector. Historical context is provided, noting similar trends during political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data indicates that this shift began in August 2021 and has continued, with government and public corporation credit reaching Rs 7,331 billion in February 2022, compared to Rs 7,051 billion for the private sector. Historical political events, such as the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP, are noted to have coincided with similar financial trends in the past.

The Central Bank of Sri Lanka's data reveals that for the seventh consecutive month up to February 2022, credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations surpassed credit to the private sector, a trend last observed in 1989. This shift in credit distribution is highlighted by specific figures from recent months, showing a consistent preference for government and public corporation credit over private sector credit. Historical parallels are drawn with political events from 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit by the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations continued to surpass credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data highlights that this shift began in August 2021. Historical parallels are drawn to political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP. The article underscores the significant disparity in credit allocation between the government and private sectors.

The article discusses the trend of domestic credit allocation in Sri Lanka, highlighting that credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for seven consecutive months up to February 2022. This phenomenon was last observed nearly 33 years ago in 1989. The article provides detailed data from the Central Bank of Sri Lanka and draws historical parallels, mentioning significant political events and figures from that period.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data revealed that in February 2022, credit to the government and public corporations was Rs 7,331 billion, exceeding the Rs 7,051 billion to the private sector by Rs 280 billion. This pattern has persisted since August 2021. The article also touches on historical political events from 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Rupee or domestic credit by the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Credit to the government and public corporations consistently exceeded private sector credit from August 2021 to February 2022. Historical parallels are drawn to a similar period in 1989, marked by significant political events including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP. The article highlights the Central Bank of Sri Lanka's data showing this financial trend.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a situation not seen since 1989. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka's data indicates that this trend began in August 2021. Historical parallels are drawn to the period of January to October 1989, which saw significant political events including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa, conflicts involving the IPKF and LTTE, and the JVP's insurgency. The shift in credit dominance reversed in November 1989 following the death of JVP leader Rohana Wijeweera but has reemerged in the current economic landscape.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has consistently surpassed credit to the private sector for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last observed in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data reveals that this shift began in August 2021, with government and public corporation credit significantly exceeding private sector credit. Historical parallels are drawn to political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP. The article highlights the ongoing dominance of government credit over private sector credit.

Credit from the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that credit to the government and public corporations consistently exceeded private sector credit from August 2021 to February 2022. Historical parallels are drawn to political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit extended by the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. In February 2022, credit to the government and public corporations was Rs 7,331 billion, compared to Rs 7,051 billion for the private sector. This trend has been consistent since August 2021. Historical parallels are drawn to a similar period in 1989, marked by significant political events and conflicts in Sri Lanka.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has consistently surpassed credit to the private sector for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last observed in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data reveals that this shift began in August 2021, with credit to the government and public corporations significantly exceeding that to the private sector. Historical parallels are drawn to a similar period in 1989, marked by significant political events including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit by the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a phenomenon last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that credit to the government and public corporations consistently exceeded private sector credit from August 2021 to February 2022. Historical parallels are drawn to a similar period in 1989, marked by significant political events and conflicts. The article provides detailed figures and historical context to illustrate these financial trends.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that this phenomenon has persisted since August 2021. Historical parallels are drawn to political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa, the IPKF's conflict with the LTTE, and the JVP's insurgency. The killing of JVP leader Rohana Wijeweera in November 1989 marked the last time private sector credit overtook government and public corporation credit until the recent trend reversal.

The Central Bank of Sri Lanka's data reveals that for the seventh consecutive month up to February 2022, credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations surpassed credit to the private sector, a trend last observed in 1989. Historical political events during that period included the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa, the IPKF's conflict with the LTTE, and the JVP's insurgency. The killing of JVP leader Rohana Wijeweera in November 1989 marked a shift where private sector credit once again overtook government and public corporation credit until its recent decline starting in August 2021.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka's data indicates that this shift began in August 2021 and has continued, with government and public corporation credit reaching Rs 7,331 billion in February 2022, compared to Rs 7,051 billion for the private sector. Historical parallels are drawn to the period from January to October 1989, which saw similar financial patterns amid significant political events, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

The article discusses the trend of domestic credit by the banking and monetary sectors in Sri Lanka, highlighting that credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed credit to the private sector for seven consecutive months up to February 2022. This phenomenon was last observed nearly 33 years ago in 1989. The article provides detailed data from the Central Bank of Sri Lanka and historical context, including political events and conflicts during the late 1980s.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data shows that this phenomenon has persisted since August 2021. Historical parallels are drawn with political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

The trade deficit in Sri Lanka widened in May for the first time since February 2022. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data revealed that credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations continued to surpass credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month up to February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. Historical data shows similar patterns during significant political events, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the LTTE and JVP. The article provides a detailed comparison of credit figures over several months, highlighting the ongoing economic challenges.

Credit from the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has overshadowed private sector credit for seven consecutive months up to February 2022, a trend last seen in 1989. This shift in credit dynamics is highlighted by Central Bank of Sri Lanka data, showing significant differences in credit amounts between the government and private sectors. Historical parallels are drawn with political events in 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa, the IPKF's conflict with the LTTE, and the JVP's insurgency. The article notes that private sector credit overtook government credit following the killing of JVP leader Rohana Wijeweera in November 1989, a trend that reversed in August 2021.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has exceeded credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka's data indicates that this shift began in August 2021 and has continued, with government and public corporation credit reaching Rs 7,331 billion in February 2022, compared to Rs 7,051 billion for the private sector. Historical parallels are drawn to the period of January to October 1989, which saw similar financial patterns amid significant political events, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit by the banking and monetary sectors to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations continued to surpass credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend last observed in 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data highlights that this phenomenon, which began in August 2021, reflects a significant shift in credit distribution. Historical parallels are drawn with political events from 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has exceeded credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka's data indicates that in February 2022, credit to the government and public corporations was Rs 7,331 billion, compared to Rs 7,051 billion for the private sector. This pattern of government and public corporation credit dominance began in August 2021 and has continued through February 2022. The article also touches on historical political events from 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa, the conflict with the LTTE and JVP, and the shift in credit distribution following the death of JVP leader Rohana Wijeweera.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data indicates that this shift began in August 2021, with government and public corporation credit consistently higher than that of the private sector. Historical political events, such as the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP, coincided with similar financial patterns in the late 1980s.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has exceeded credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data indicates that this shift began in August 2021 and has continued, with government and public corporation credit reaching Rs 7,331 billion in February 2022, compared to Rs 7,051 billion for the private sector. Historical parallels are drawn to the period from January to October 1989, which saw political changes and conflicts within the country.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has exceeded credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data indicates that this shift in credit distribution began in August 2021. The article also reflects on historical political events from 1989, including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa, conflicts involving the IPKF and LTTE, and the JVP's activities, culminating in the killing of JVP leader Rohana Wijeweera and the subsequent shift in credit distribution.

Credit to the Government of Sri Lanka and public corporations has surpassed credit to the private sector for the seventh consecutive month as of February 2022, a trend not seen since 1989. Central Bank of Sri Lanka data indicates that in February 2022, credit to the government and public corporations was Rs 7,331 billion, exceeding private sector credit by Rs 280 billion. This pattern has persisted since August 2021. The last occurrence of such a trend was from January to October 1989, during significant political events including the election of President Ranasinghe Premadasa and conflicts involving the IPKF, LTTE, and JVP.