The study explores the concept of higher-order Pavlovian learning, focusing on the complexity of real-life associative learning. It introduces the idea of 2nd-order occasion setting, where a third stimulus modulates the association between a conditional stimulus and an outcome. The research demonstrates that lower-order stimulus ambiguity is crucial for higher-order learning, and presents a computational model to predict learning outcomes. The findings have implications for understanding complex learning processes and potential applications in treating disorders with Pavlovian components, such as anxiety and substance use.

The CEO of F1, Stefano Domenicali, revealed ongoing discussions with Rwanda to host a Grand Prix, marking a potential return of F1 to Africa. Historically, Morocco and South Africa have hosted F1 races, with significant events in Casablanca and Kyalami. The last African Grand Prix was in 1993. Recent renovations at Kyalami and Rwanda's interest highlight Africa's potential re-entry into the F1 calendar. Prominent drivers like Lewis Hamilton and Max Verstappen support the idea, emphasizing Africa's importance in the global F1 landscape.

The Phoenix Suns defeated the Dallas Mavericks 110-80, taking a 3-2 lead in the series. Devin Booker led the Suns with 28 points and 7 rebounds, supported by Deandre Ayton's 20 points and 9 rebounds, and Chris Paul's 10 assists. Despite Luka Doncic's 28 points, the Mavericks struggled with 16 turnovers. The Suns' strategic defense and effective offense, particularly in the third quarter, secured their dominant victory. The next game will be in Dallas, with a potential seventh game in Phoenix if necessary.

An exciting weekend for Bay Area sports fans as the Golden State Warriors and San Francisco Giants are set to play. The Giants will host the St. Louis Cardinals at Oracle Park, and the Warriors will face the Memphis Grizzlies in game three of the Western Conference playoffs. Fans are advised to plan ahead, arrive early, and take public transportation if possible. The Giants are currently in fourth place in the NL West, while the series between Golden State and Memphis is tied at 1-1.

Police have identified a suspect in a sexual assault case involving a 17-year-old boy at Piedmont High School. The incident occurred near the gym between 3:30 and 4 p.m. The suspect is described as a Hispanic woman with black long curly hair, brown eyes, aged between 30 and 40, weighing 110-120 lbs, and standing between 5’7″ and 5’10”. She was last seen wearing a short sleeve pink shirt, black sweatpants, square sunglasses, hoop nose ring, and white/blue tennis shoes. Authorities urge anyone with information to contact the Piedmont Police Department.

A 52-year-old Santa Rosa man, Craig Travis, has been arrested for attempted murder after turning himself in to the Sonoma County Sheriff’s Office. Travis allegedly assaulted a 56-year-old man with a blunt object during a disagreement, leading to the victim undergoing emergency brain surgery. The victim is in stable condition. Travis is currently held at the Sonoma County Jail with bail set at $100,000.

The Unión de Tianguis de los Verdes signed a healthcare agreement with Hospimed representatives, Daniel Peña and Miguel González, to provide health services to its members. The agreement, signed in Ciudad de México, offers individual and family healthcare plans, including emergency care, general medical consultations, and specialist services. The healthcare services will be available at PlayaMed in Cancún and COSTAMED in other locations like Puerto Morelos, Playa del Carmen, Cozumel, Tulum, and Mahahual. The initiative aims to support vendors who lack social security and housing, offering unlimited consultations and specialized care, including maternity services. The program is open to other companies or groups needing healthcare services.

A former Pleasanton resident, Javed Wahab, pleaded guilty to theft of government property, admitting to stealing $186,516.72 in COVID-19 relief funds intended for medical providers. Wahab, who owned three home health and hospice care companies in Alameda County, misused the funds for personal and family expenses. He faces a maximum 10-year prison term if convicted, with sentencing set for August 25.

Parents and families in East San Jose will host a mayoral candidate forum at the Mexican Heritage Plaza, featuring six candidates: Raul Peralez, Matt Mahan, Cindy Chavez, Dev Davis, Jim Spence, and Marshall Woodmansee. Organized by Rocketship Public Schools, the event will address key issues such as education, housing, jobs, healthcare, and immigration. The forum will include a student performance, parent testimonies, and candidate Q&A sessions.

Colin Kaepernick impressed the Las Vegas Raiders during a workout, potentially paving the way for his return to the NFL. This marks his first workout with an NFL team since 2017. Kaepernick, who has been out of the league since 2016 due to his activism against police brutality and racial inequity, previously settled grievances with the NFL over allegations of collusion to keep him out of the sport.