Mozambique has the potential to host the entire supply chain for electric vehicles (EVs) due to its rich graphite deposits, but faces significant obstacles. Experts express skepticism about the country's ability to become a competitive EV manufacturing center, citing the need for more investment in human capital and the improbability of creating an unsubsidized car manufacturing sector. The UNCTAD report highlights Mozambique's capital growth and graphite reserves but notes challenges in logistics, technology, and skilled labor. The geopolitics of EV production and competition between China, Europe, and the West further complicate Mozambique's entry into the market. Syrah, a company mining graphite in Mozambique, plans to refine and process it in the US due to logistical advantages. The failed example of Matchedje Motors, which ceased car production due to various constraints, illustrates the difficulties faced by the industry in Mozambique.

Hydrogen is being considered as a means to decarbonize economies, alongside electrification and biofuels, and there is a question of whether institutions should invest in hydrogen.

Elon Musk's hyperloop concept, despite significant media attention and private investment, has not progressed towards becoming a commercial reality. Public entities like SNCF and a Russian sovereign wealth fund have invested in hyperloop companies, raising concerns about the misuse of public funds on an unproven and potentially infeasible technology. The article argues that governments should focus on existing, reliable technologies such as high-speed rail instead of being swayed by the hyperloop hype.