In 1709, Sweden's ambitions in Europe were thwarted by a defeat at the Battle of Poltava, leading King Charles XII to seek refuge in the Ottoman Empire. His prolonged stay strained Ottoman resources and influenced Swedish culture, introducing words and foods like 'kalabalik' and meatballs. Despite efforts to involve the Ottomans in his conflict with Russia, Charles's interference in Ottoman policies led to tensions, culminating in his arrest. His legacy includes cultural exchanges and unresolved debts, which were eventually settled through diplomatic negotiations.

Istanbul's Zeytinburnu district, rich in historical significance, has become a hub for Western Muslims and students of Islam. The Yenikapi Mevlevihanesi, now housing Fatih Sultan Mehmet University, hosts summer schools organized by Islamic scholars from various countries. These programs, arranged by Darul Fuqaha, attract students from the West seeking a deeper understanding of Islam in a modern yet historically rich environment. The appeal of Turkey lies in its blend of Islamic tradition and modern amenities, offering a unique setting for religious education. Western Muslims find Turkey's Islamic diversity and modernity appealing, with many making 'hijra' to live in a more welcoming society. However, some face culture shock due to unrealistic expectations. Despite this, Istanbul remains a popular destination for those seeking an Islamic community and education.

Osman Hamdi Bey, born in 1842, was a pivotal figure in Ottoman art and archaeology, known for his efforts in preserving the empire's cultural heritage. Educated in Paris, he was influenced by Orientalist artists but portrayed his subjects with a sympathetic lens. His notable works include 'Girl Reciting the Quran' and 'The Tortoise Trainer'. As the director of the Imperial Museum, he implemented significant reforms to protect Ottoman artefacts from Western looting. His archaeological excavations, particularly in Sidon, unearthed significant artefacts like the Alexander Sarcophagus. Hamdi Bey's legacy includes the establishment of the Istanbul Archaeology Museums and the School of Fine Arts, ensuring the preservation and advancement of Turkish heritage.

The Rami Library in Istanbul, once an 18th-century Ottoman barracks, has been transformed into the city's largest library after an extensive eight-year restoration. The historic site, originally built under Sultan Mahmud II, played a significant role in the Ottoman Empire's modernization efforts and later served various functions, including as a French military headquarters during the Allied occupation of Istanbul. Now, the library houses seven million books and offers extensive facilities, aiming to attract both researchers and the general public.

Ali Haydar Pasha, the last Ottoman emir of Mecca, played a significant role in maintaining Arab loyalty to the Ottoman Empire during the Arab Revolt in World War I. Born in Istanbul in 1866, he was raised in close proximity to the Ottoman royal family and served as a key figure in the Ottoman legislature. Despite his efforts to quell the Arab nationalist movement and maintain unity between Arabs and Turks, the Ottoman Empire ultimately fell, leading to his exile and death in poverty in Beirut in 1935. His life and legacy are documented in his diary, translated and published by his second wife, Fatma.

The Kariye Mosque in Istanbul, formerly the Chora Museum and originally a church, has been reconverted into a mosque, sparking international debate. The site, rich in Byzantine and Ottoman history, now functions as both a mosque and a museum, allowing visitors to appreciate its historical mosaics and frescos. The conversion has drawn criticism from Greece and the US, with concerns about preserving the site's diverse history. Despite the controversy, the hybrid use of the building has increased tourist interest, benefiting local vendors.

In Istanbul, the Ramadan tradition of public iftar meals exemplifies solidarity, generosity, and community. Tarlabasi, a diverse district near Taksim Square, hosts a significant iftar organized by Tarlabasi Solidarity, welcoming people of all backgrounds. Despite challenges like gentrification, crime, and economic pressures, residents like Mehmet and Fatma Yeralan emphasize the importance of neighborliness. The iftar also provides practical benefits, offering a dignified space for communal meals amid rising food prices and a support network for immigrants facing xenophobia. Lawyer Ibrahim Kibar assists immigrants with legal issues, and Ghanaian immigrant Zoubair appreciates the inclusive atmosphere free from racism.

Abdulhamid II, a divisive figure in Turkish history, is remembered as both an autocrat and a reformer. His reign saw the Ottoman Empire undergo significant modernization, including educational reforms, infrastructural advancements, and the reinvigoration of the caliphate. Despite these efforts, internal and external pressures led to his deposition in 1909. His legacy has been reevaluated in recent years, particularly under the AK Party and President Erdogan, as Turkey seeks to reconcile its Ottoman past with its republican present.

Sweden and Turkey have a complex history marked by strategic alliances and tensions over Kurdish groups. Sweden's recognition of the PKK as a terrorist organization in 1984 and its liberal asylum policies have led to friction with Turkey, which accuses Sweden of harboring terrorists. The recent application of Sweden and Finland to join Nato has further strained relations, with Turkey demanding that Sweden distance itself from the PKK and PYD. Despite some cooperation, such as Sweden's extradition of PKK members, the countries remain divided over their approach to Kurdish groups, impacting their diplomatic and strategic relations.